BIBLIOGRAFÍA Y RECURSOS:
Arameo: Bibliografía
Parte I
Addicion al Arameo:
Parte I --- COMPLETA.
Addición
al Arameo:
Parte
I,
publicado en Noticiero no. 11.
Ver parte
delantera del:
Aramaic:
Part I
en
formato de Adobe Acrobat.
Para mejores resultados:
Web Hebrew:
fuentes instaladas
Publicaciones y Notas
Los Royos del Mar Muerto:Traducción,
de Michael Wise, Martin Abegg,
y Edward Cook publicado
por
Harper Collins:
"The book
contains, in translation, most of the legible non-biblical texts from
Qumran in a translation intended for a broad audience of both specialists
and lay people. The authors provide introductions for each text, with
brief commentary, as well as an introduction to the whole volume that
seeks to place the Qumran scrolls in their historical context."
Targumic and Cognate Studies: Essays in Honour of Martin McNamara,
edited by Kevin Cathcart and Michael Maher (JSOT Supplements 230;
Sheffield:
Academic Press). It includes 14 essays on the targums and other
Aramaic texts, including "Our Translated Tobit" by CAL research associate
Edward Cook.
LINKS:
Proyectos Académicos:
The West
Semitic Research
Univ of Southern California
The Demotic
Dictionary Project (Oriental Inst., Univ. of Chicago)
The
Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Univ-Pennsylvania
Cuneiform Digital
Library Initiative
Syriac:
Beth Mardutho:
The Syriac Institute
Syriac Orthodox Resources
Peshitta Institute
Leiden
Dorek
Online "Journals and Newsletters:"
Hugoye:
Journal
of Syriac
Newsletter for Targumic & Cognate
Studies
Suryoyo Online:
Journal of Syrian Orthodox Church, Syriac Studies and Arameans world wide
Aramaic
Learning and Translating sites:
Learn Aramaic
Online
Learn
Assyrian Online
Peshitta Aramaic-English New Testament
(interlinear)
Aramaic Editor
Learn
Assyrian-Aramaic
Armaic: languages-on-the-web
Modern Aramaic-Speaking Groups and Forums:
Assyria Online
Niniveh On-Line
Beth Suryoyo Assyrian
Suryoyo World
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Aramaic Characters
Arameo es una de las lenguas Semíticas del
importante grupo de lenguas conocinas casi desde el principio de la
historia de la humanidad que incluyen lenguas como el Arabe, Hebreo,
Etiope, Akkadio (antigua
langua de Babilonia y Asiria.
El Araméo está particularmente ligado al Hebreo
y fué escrito en una variedad de nomenclaturas alfabéticas como la llamada
nomemclatura Hebrea que es en realidad Araméa.
El Araméo más antiguo
Our first glimpse of Aramaic comes from a small number of ancient royal
inscriptions from almost three thousand years ago (900-700 B.C.E.).
Dedications to the gods, international treaties, and memorial stelae
reveal to us the history of the first small Aramean kingdoms, in the
territories of modem Syria and Southeast Turkey, living under the shadow
of the rising Assyrian empire.
Aramaic as an Imperial Language
Aramaic was used by the conquering Assyrians as a language of
administration communication, and following them by the Babylonian and
Persian empires, which ruled from India to Ethiopia, and employed Aramaic
as the official language. For this period, then (about 700–320 B.C.E.),
Aramaic held a position similar to that occupied by English today. The
most important documents of this period are numerous papyri from Egypt and
Palestine.
Biblical Aramaic
Aramaic displaced Hebrew for many purposes among the Jews, a fact
reflected in the Bible, where portions of Ezra and Daniel are in Aramaic.
Some of the best known stories in biblical literature, including that of
Belshazzar’s feast with the famous "handwriting on the wall" are in
Aramaic.
Jewish Aramaic Literature
Aramaic remained a dominant language for Jewish worship, scholarship,
and everyday life for centuries in both the land of Israel and in the
diaspora, especially in Babylon.
Among the Dead Sea Scrolls, the remains of the library of a Jewish sect
from around the turn of the Era, are many compositions in Aramaic. These
new texts also provide the best evidence for Palestinian Aramaic of the
sort used by Jesus and his disciples.
Since the Jews spoke Aramaic, and knowledge of Hebrew was no longer
widespread, the practice arose in the synagogue of providing the
reading of the sacred Hebrew scriptures with an Aramaic translation or
paraphrase, a "Targum" In the course of time a whole array of targums for
the Law and other parts of the Bible were composed. More than
translations, they incorporated much of traditional Jewish scriptural
interpretation.
In their academies the rabbis and their disciples transmitted,
commented, and debated Jewish law; the records of their deliberations
constitute the two talmuds: that of the land of Israel and the much larger
Babylonian Talmud. Although the talmuds contain much material in Hebrew,
the basic language of these vast compilations is Aramaic (in Western and
Eastern dialects).
Christian Aramaic Literature
Although Jesus spoke Aramaic, the Gospels are in Greek, and only rarely
quote actual Aramaic words. Reconstruction of the Aramaic background of
the Gospels remains a fascinating, but inordinately difficult area of
modem scholarly research.
Christians in Palestine eventually rendered portions of Christian
Scripture into their dialect of Aramaic; these translations and related
writings constitute "Christian Palestinian Aramaic".
A much larger body of Christian Aramaic is known as Syriac. Indeed,
Syriac writings surpass in quantity all other Aramaic combined. Syriac is
originally the literary language of the city of Edessa (now Urfa in SE
Turkey). The language became the tongue of the entire eastern wing of the
church, from about the third century C.E. down until well past the Muslim
conquest.
Syriac writings include numerous Bible translations, the most important
being the so-called Peshitta (simple) translation, and countless
devotional, dogmatic, exegetical, liturgical, and historical works. Almost
all of the Greek philosophical and scientific tradition was eventually
translated into Syriac, and it was through this channel that most found
their way into the Islamic World and thence, into post-Dark Ages Europe.
Other Aramaic
There are many other branches of Aramaic literature, including the
substantial literature of the Mandaeans, a Gnostic religious group, and
the Bible translation, liturgy, and doctrinal works of the Samaritans.
Aramaic survives as a spoken language in small communities in Syria,
Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon will not attempt
to be a full dictionary for this Modern Aramaic, which is best undertaken
as a separate task, but where an ancient word has a modern continuation,
the Modern Aramaic use will be recorded.
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CAL?
CAL es el nuevo diccionario de la lengua Araméa,
llamado "The Comprehensive Aramaic
Lexicon",
el cual fue compuesto por un grupo de catedráticos
internacionales, ubicados en la universidad: Hebrew
Union College en Cincinnati,
Ohio, Estados Unidos. Los editores
fueron el Prof. Stephen A. Kaufman
de HUC y el Prof.
Joseph A. Fitzmyer de la
Catholic University of America (emeritus),
también con el Prof. Michael Sokoloff de
la Bar Ilan University
como editor asociado.
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This major scholarly reference work covers all
dialects and periods of ancient Aramaic, one of the principal languages of
antiquity, with a literature of central importance for history and
civilization, and especially for the Jewish and Christian religions.
Why a New Lexicon?
Many dictionaries of some part of Aramaic exist, but individually and
as a whole they are inadequate in important ways. Lexical treatment of
Aramaic has been fragmented. Existing dictionaries treat one dialect, or
one body of literature, but not the whole language. It is as though we had
a dictionary of Shakespeare, and one of Hemingway, without having a
dictionary of English! An additional hurdle in the path of users is that
Aramaic dictionaries are written in an imposing variety of living and dead
languages: not only English but also German, French, Russian, and Latin!
Many of the existing dictionaries do not come up to modem standards of
accuracy, and practically all are seriously incomplete and out-of-date.
Practically every area of Aramaic studies has been enriched by recent
discoveries: new inscriptions, new papyri, new scrolls, and new fragments
from the Cairo Genizah, a synagogue store-room where a trove of
manuscripts was discovered in the 19th century. These recently discovered
materials demand inclusion in a lexicon.
A Comprehensive Lexicon
The new lexicon is to be "comprehensive" in the following ways: 1) it
will take in all of ancient Aramaic, not just selected portions; 2) it
will be based on a new and thorough compilation of all Aramaic literature,
not just on existing dictionaries; 3) it will take account of all modem
scholarly discussion of the Aramaic language.
Publication
(View current
list of publications)
The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon is to he published in book form, as a
multi-volume set. In addition, the work of the project will lead to the
compilation of textual, lexical, and bibliographic data bases which can be
distributed and consulted through computers and related technology.
Leading up to the lexicon volumes there have been and will continue to be
a series of preparatory monographs, consisting of dialect dictionaries,
manuals of procedure for the project, editions of texts with concordances,
bibliographies, and the like. Our primary publisher is the
Johns Hopkins
University Press.
Project Support
The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon has received support in the form of
outright grants and federal matching funds (requiring that the project
raise equivalent funds from other sources) from the
National Endowment for the Humanities.
The National Endowment is a federal agency that funds the study of such
fields as history, philosophy, literature, and languages. The project is
also supported in part by private contributions and additional private and
foundation support is being sought.
Projects and news:
CPA Project
Prof. Michael Sokoloff and Dr. Christa Müller-Kessler,
were awarded a grant: by, the German Israeli:Foundation for Scientific
Research and Development for a project entitled "A Corpus of Christian
Palestinian Aramaic Texts" :in the sum of 170,000DM. The project was to
last from Jan, 1994 through 1996,
The purpose of the project was to prepare for
publication critical text editions of the Christian Palestinian Aramaic
(CPA) palimpsest manuscripts. CPA was spoken, written, and employed as a
liturgical language by a group of Christians calling themselves Melkites
who lived in the Judean Desert, the vicinity of Jerusalem, Amman, and the
Sinai Peninsula between the 3rd-13th cents. C.E.
It is nearly ninety years since the last major text
editions were published.: During the last four decades much progress has
taken place in research on Western Aramaic-which also includes Samaritan
and Jewish Palestinian Aramaic-in the form of new critical editions of
texts, grammars, and dictionaries. A desideratum now is the preparation of
reliable. And up-to-date editions of the CPA texts.
Each volume produced contains: 1. The CPA text; 2. a
translation of the non-biblical texts; 3. a philological commentary; 4. a
glossary; 5. a concordance for the biblical volumes; 6. photographs where
necessary and available.
The following volumes are in the series (All
page numbers are approximate):
1. The Remains of the Christian Palestinian Aramaic
Old Testament Version from the Early Period (110 pages of text, 30 pages
of commentary, 20 pages of glossary, 20 pages of concordance, 20 Plates).
2. The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament
Version from the Early Period. Part I: The Gospels (200 pages of text, 30
pages of commentary, 30 pages of concordance, 10 plates); Part II: The
Epistles (250 pages of text, 30 pages glossary, 30 pages of concordance,
20 plates).
3. The Forty Martyrs of the Syrian Desert, Eulogios
the Stone Cutter and Anastasia (85 pages of text, 85 pages of translation,
20 pages of commentary, 30 pages of glossary).
4. A Collection of the Lives of Saints, Homilies and
Other Religious Texts (140 pages of text, 140 pages of translation, 40
pages of commentary, 20 pages glossary).
5. Cyril of Jerusalem in the Christian Palestinian
Aramaic Version (65 pages of text, 65 pages of translation, 30 pages of
commentary, 20 pages of glossary).
Peshitta Symposium
The Peshitta Institute held a Peshitta Symposium
from August 19-21, 1993. The theme of the symposium was "The Peshitta as a
Translation" presenters included Gideon Goldenberg, Y. Maori, Konrad
Jenner, Donald Walters, P. G. Borbone, Jerome A. Lund, Jan Joosten, Piet
Dirksen, F. Sepmeijer, J. C. De Moor, and A. van der Kooij.
Neofiti KWIC To Appear
The second major CAL publication, A Key Word in
Context Concordance to Targum Neofiti I, by Stephen A. Kaufman and
Michael Sokoloff, was published (1508 pp.; $125). Purchasers are entitled
to receive an electronic copy of the complete text of Targum Neofiti
prepared for this concordance, including marginalia. Also available to
purchasers, but for an additional charge to help support the substantial
programming effort involved, will be a lexically parsed form of the data
and complete dictionary. Please order this book from the
Johns Hopkins
University Press or your favorite bookstore.
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