The Bible: Canonical Divisions of the Old TestamentRelated TopicsArt/IllustrationAudio Recordings - Hebrew Old Testament - MP3 recordings of the entire Hebrew Bible (Sephardic pronunciation); download entire books or single chapters
- The Hebrew Bible - MP3 recordings of the entire Hebrew Bible (Sephardic pronunciation); download entire books or single chapters
Calendar SystemsCanonical Contents and ShapeChronologyComposition- How Do We Know Who Wrote the Bible? - by Peter H. Davids, from Hard Sayings of the Bible (IVP, 1996)
- In Conversation with W. M. Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel (Cambridge, 2003) - ed. Gary N. Knoppers, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 5.18 (2005)
- Is There Pseudonymity in the Old Testament? - by Joyce G. Baldwin, Themelios 4.1 (1978) 6–12
- Jerusalem, the Late Judahite Monarchy, and the Composition of the Biblical Texts - by William M. Schniedewind, pp. 375–393 in Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Periodi (ed. Andrew G. Vaughn and Ann E. Killebrew; Scholars Press, 2003)
- Problems in Dating Biblical Books - by Lyle Eslinger, University of Calgary
General Articles and EssaysHistory of Interpretation- Campbell, Paul, and the Old Testament - by Bruce E. Shields, Stone-Campbell Journal 2.2 (1999); full text
- Contemporary Theories of Biblical Interpretation - by Moisés Silva, pp. 107–124 in New Interpreter's Bible, vol. 1 (Abingdon, 1994)
- How the Bible Has Been Interpreted in Christian Tradition - by Justo L. González, pp. 83–106 in New Interpreter's Bible, vol. 1 (Abingdon, 1994)
- How the Bible Has Been Interpreted in Jewish Tradition - by Michael A. Signer, pp. 65–82 in New Interpreter's Bible, vol. 1 (Abingdon, 1994)
- "Poor Bird, Not Knowing Which Way to Fly": Biblical Scholarship's Marginality, Secular Humanism, and The Laudable Occident - by Jacques Berlinerbrau, Biblical Interpretation 10.3 (2002) 267–304; abstract with full text options for subscribers
- Quelques ouvrages récents sur l’historie de l’interprétation de la Bible, en particulier de l’Ancien Testament - II - by Jean Marcel Vincent, Etudes Théologiques et Religieuses (2004); abstract only
GenresIntroductionManuscripts and EditionsMiscellaneous Articles and EssaysPoetryReference WorksSyllabi Textual Criticism and TransmissionSee also Methods > Textual Criticism.
Bibliography | Online Texts- A Hebrew-English Bible - parallel MT and 1917 JPS English translation
- Aleppo Codex Torah - requires Hebrew language support from your browser
- Bibelsenteret - searchable Norweigan version
- Bible Gateway - searchable in multiple languages
- Bible Search Engines - searchable in multiple versions and languages
- Bible Study Tools - multiple searchable online translations, encyclopedias, commentaries, etc.
- Biblos - online parallel Bible project
- Blue Letter Bible - searchable text, extensively hyperlinked
- Church Slavonic Bible CD Project - commercial product (downloadable demo)
- Die Elberfelder Bibel
- Hebrew Bible - searchable text; requires Hebrew language support from your browser
- Kitab Suci Elektronik - browseable Indonesian version
- Korean Bible Gateway - browseable Korean version
- Korean Study Bible - browseable Korean version
- Mishneh Torah - requires Hebrew language support from your browser
- Navigating the Bible II - provided by World ORT Union in English and transliterated and graphic Hebrew, with RealAudio cantillations
- NET Bible - the New English Translation, copiously footnoted
- New American Bible - complete text of the Catholic canon, with book introductions and some brief notes
- Raamattu - Finnish version with notes
- Russian Bible - searchable by reference only
- TanakhML - the Hebrew Bible in XML
- The Hebrew Bible in English - presents the 1917 JPS English translation of the Prophets and Writings, and the 1985 JPS English translation of the Torah
- The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) - online Unicode version; no edition, manuscript, or publisher is credited
- The Unbound Bible - searchable in 10 English versions, 42 other modern languages, Hebrew, Greek (including the Septuagint), and 4 ancient versions
- Vulgate - full texts
- World Bible Translation Center - downloadable easy-to-read Bibles in English, Chinese, Russian, and other languages
TranslationsNote: This subcategory includes articles about translations of the Tanakh. For translations readable online, see the Online Texts subheading above. | | New Testament |
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The New Testament ( Greek: Καινή Διαθήκη, Kainē Diathēkē) is the name given to the second half of the Christian Bible, written after the Hebrew Bible (also called by Jews Tanakh), known to Christians as the Old Testament. It is sometimes called the Greek Testament or Greek Scriptures, or the New Covenant – which is the literal translation of the original Greek. The original texts were written in Koine Greek by various authors after c. AD 45 and before c. AD 140. Its 27 books were gradually collected into a single volume over a period of several centuries. The New Testament is a central element of Christianity, and has played a major role in shaping modern Western culture. Although certain Christian sects differ as to which works are included in the New Testament, the vast majority of denominations have settled on the same twenty-seven book canon: it consists of the four narratives of Jesus Christ's ministry, called " Gospels"; a narrative of the Apostles' ministries in the early church, which is also a sequel to the third Gospel; twenty-one early letters, commonly called " epistles" in Biblical context, written by various authors and consisted mostly of Christian counsel and instruction; and an Apocalyptic prophecy, which is technically the twenty-second epistle. Although the traditional timeline of composition may have been taken into account by the shapers of the current New Testament format, it is not, nor was it meant to be, in strictly chronological order. Though Jesus spoke Aramaic, the New Testament (including the Gospels) was written in Greek because that was the lingua franca of the Roman Empire. Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. [2] As of the early 21st century, it has between 1.5 billion [3][4] and 2.1 billion adherents, [5] representing about a quarter of the world's population. [6] It is the state religion of at least sixteen countries. [citation needed]Its followers, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is[7] the Son of God and the Messiah (or Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament, the part of their scriptures they have in common with Judaism.[8] To Christians, Jesus Christ is a teacher, the model of a pious life, the revealer of God, the mediator of salvation[clarify] and the saviour who suffered, died and was resurrected in order to bring about salvation from sin for all.[clarify][9] Christians maintain that Jesus ascended into heaven and most denominations teach that Jesus will judge the living and the dead, granting everlasting life to his followers. The "good news" of Jesus' ministry is called the Gospel.[neutrality disputed] The Trinity is often regarded as an essential doctrine of mainstream Christianity. The most common understanding of the Holy Trinity,[clarify] as espoused in the Nicene Creed, is one God that exists as three Persons – Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" represents both the immanence and transcendence of God. God is believed to be infinite and God's presence may be perceived through the actions of Jesus and the Holy Spirit.[10] The first time the disciples were called "Christians" (Greek Χριστιανός), meaning "followers of Christ", was in Antioch.[11] Ignatius of Antioch was the first Christian to use the label in self-reference, as far as we know. The earliest recorded use of the term Christianity (Greek Χριστιανισμός) was also by Ignatius of Antioch, around AD 100.[12] |
Book Reviews- Albertz, Rainer, Geschichte und Theologie: Studien zur Exegese des Alten Testaments und zur Religionsgeschichte Israels (de Gruyter, 2003)
- Barton, John and Julia Bowden, The Original Story: God, Israel, and the World (Eerdmans, 2004) - reviewed by Garnett Reid, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (December 2006)
- Batto, Bernard F. and Kathryn Roberts, eds., David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts (Eisenbrauns, 2004) - reviewed by Richard J. Clifford, Catholic Biblical Quarterly (April 2005)
- Ben Zvi, Ehud, Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Ben Zvi, 2000) - reviewed by James A. Sanders, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Bergant, Dianne, Israel’s Story: Part One (Liturgical Press, 2006) - reviewed by Sven Petry, Review of Biblical Literature (2007)
- Berlin, Adele, Marc Zvi Brettler, and Michael Fishbaine, eds., The Jewish Study Bible (Oxford, 2003) - reviewed by Ralph W. Klein, Currents in Theology and Mission (February 2005)
- Birch, Bruce C., Walter Brueggemann, Terence E. Fretheim, and David L. Petersen, A Theological Introduction to the Old Testament (Abingdon, 1999)
- Boadt, Lawrence and Mark S. Smith, eds., Imagery and Imagination in Biblical Literature: Essays in Honor of Aloysius Fitzgerald, F.S.C. (CBA, 2001) - reviewed by Dirk J. Human, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Brueggemann, Walter, An Introduction to the Old Testament: The Canon and Christian Imagination (Westminster John Knox, 2003) - reviewed by Thomas Hieke, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Camp, Claudia V., Wise, Strange and Holy: The Strange Woman and the Making of the Bible - reviewed by Esther Fuchs, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Carpenter, Eugene E., ed., A Biblical Itinerary: In Search of Method, Form and Content, Essays in Honor of George W. Coats - reviewed by Gary N. Knoppers, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Ceresko, Anthony R., Prophets and Proverbs: More Studies in Old Testament Poetry and Biblical Religion (Claretian, 2002) - reviewed by Terry W. Eddinger, Biblical Theology Bulletin (Spring 2004)
- Cohen, Chaim, Avi Hurvitz, and Shalom M. Paul, eds., Sefer Moshe: The Moshe Weinfeld Jubilee Volume: Studies in the Bible and the Ancient Near East, Qumran, and Post-Biblical Judaism (Eisenbrauns, 2004) - reviewed by Marvin A. Sweeney, Catholic Biblical Quarterly (April 2005)
- Collins, John J., Introduction to the Hebrew Bible (Fortress, 2004)
- Davies, Philip R., ed., Yours Faithfully: Virtual Letters from the Bible (Equinox, 2004) - reviewed by Alice Bach, Review of Bilbical Literature (2005)
- Dorsey, David A., The Literary Structure of the Old Testament: A Commentary on Genesis-Malachi (Baker, 2004) - reviewed by Amnon Shapira, Review of Biblical Literature (2005)
- Dotan, Aron, ed., Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001)
- Dumbrell, William J., The Faith of Israel: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament (Baker, 2002) - reviewed by Brian D. Russell, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Dunn, James D. G. and John Rogerson, eds., Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (Eerdmans, 2003)
- Elwell, Walter A. and J. D. Weaver, eds., Bible Interpreters of the 20th Century: A Selection of Evangelical Voices - reviewed by William L. Lyons, Review of Biblical Literature (2000)
- Emerton, J.A., ed., Congress Volume: Cambridge 1995 - reviewed by Gary N. Knoppers, Review of Biblical Literature (2000)
- Evans, Craig A., ed., From Prophecy to Testament: The Function of the Old Testament in the New (Hendrickson, 2004) - reviewed by Casmir Bernas, Catholic Biblical Quarterly (April 2005)
- Fischer, Imtraud, Ursula Rapp and Johannes Schiller (eds.), Auf den Spuren der schriftgelehrten Weisen: Festschrift für Jonannes Marböck (de Gruyter, 2003) - reviewed by Rainer Kessler, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Fischer, Irmtraud, Women Who Wrestled with God: Biblical Stories of Israel's Beginnings (Liturgical, 2005) - reviewed by Yael Shemesh, Review of Biblical Literature (2005)
- Fokkelman, J. P., Reading Biblical Poetry: An Introductory Guide (Westminster John Knox, 2001) - reviewed by Chris Franke, Review of Biblical Literature (2002)
- Freedman, David Noel, Allen C. Myers and Astrid B. Beck, eds., Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
- Freedman, David Noel, et al., eds., The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition - reviewed by James R. Adair, TC 3 (1998)
- Gabel, John B., Charles B. Wheeler, and Anthony D. York, The Bible As Literature: An Introduction - reviewed by J. Todd Hibbard, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Garbini, Giovanni, Myth and History in the Bible (Sheffield, 2003) - reviewed by Meir Malul, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Gerstenberger, Erhard S., Theologien im alten Testament: Pluralitat und Synkretismus alttestamentlichen Gottesglaubens (Kohlhammer, 2001)/Theologies of the Old Testament: Pluralism and Syncretism in Ancient Israel's Faith (Fortress, 2002) - reviewed by Roland E. Murphy, Biblical Theology Bulletin (Winter 2002)
- Goldman, Yohanan A.P., Arie van der Kooij, and Richard D. Weis, eds., Sôfer Mahîr: Essays in Honour of Adrian Schenker (Brill, 2006) - reviewed by Dany Nocquet, Review of Biblical Literature (2007)
- Harland,Peter J. and Robert Hayward, eds., New Heaven & New Earth: Prophecy & the Millennium: Essays in Honour of Anthony Gelston - reviewed by Francisco V. Munoz, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Hunter, Alastair G. and Philip R. Davies, eds., Sense and Sensitivity: Essays on Reading the Bible in Memory of Robert Carroll (Sheffield, 2002) - reviewed by William H. U. Anderson, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Kaiser, Otto, Studien zur Literaturgeschichte des Alten Testaments - reviewed by Kaare Berge, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Kiefer, Jörn, Exil und Diaspora: Begrifflichkeit und Deutungen im antiken Judentum und in der hebraischen Bibel (Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2005) - reviewed by Klaus-Peter Adam, Review of Biblical Literature (2006)
- Korpel, Marjo and Josef Oesch, eds., Layout Markers in Biblical Mansucripts and Ugaritic Tablets (Van Gorcum, 2005) - reviewed by John Engle, Review of Biblical Literature (2006)
- Korpel, Marjo and Josef Oesch, Studies in Scriptural Unit Division (Van Gorcum, 2002) - reviewed by Ehud Ben Zvi, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Kratz, Reinhard G., The Composition of the Narrative Books of the Old Testament (T&T Clark, 2005) - review by William Johnstone, Review of Biblical Literature (2005)
- Kugel, James L., The Bible As It Was (Harvard, 1997) - reviewed by Walter E. Rast, Cross Currents (Winter 1998)
- LaCoque, André and Paul Ricouer, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies (Chicago, 2003) - reviewed by Francis Landy, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Lapsley, Jacqueline E., Whispering the Word: Hearing Women's Stories in the Old Testament (Westminster John Knox, 2005) - reviewed by Valerie Bridgeman-Davis, Review of Biblical Literature (2006)
- Levin, Christoph, Fortschreibungen: Gesammelte Studien zum Alten Testament (de Gruyter, 2003) - reviewed by Thomas C. Römer, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Linafelt, Tod, ed., Strange Fire: Reading the Bible after the Holocaust
- Lohfink, Norbert, In the Shadow of Your Wings: New Readings of Great Texts from the Bible (Liturgical Press, 2003) - reviewed by Walter Brueggemann, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Longman III, Tremper, Old Testament Commentary Survey (Baker Academic and InterVarsity, 2003) - reviewed by Ralph W. Klein, Currents in Theology and Mission (June 2005)
- Maier, Johann, Le Scritture prima della Bibbia (Paideia Editrice, 2003) - reviewed by James E. West, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- McDonald, Lee Martin and James A. Sanders, eds., The Canon Debate (Hendrickson, 2002) - reviewed by Ian Young, Review of Biblical Literature (2005)
- Merling, David, ed., To Understand the Scriptures: Essays in Honor of William H. Shea - reviewed by Gary N. Knoppers, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- McKenzie, Steven L. and M. Patrick Graham, eds., The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues (Westminster John Knox, 1998) - reviewed by Robert Gnuse, Biblical Theology Bulletin (Spring 1999)
- Moran, William L. and Ronald S. Hendel, eds., The Most Magic Word: Essays on Babylonian and Biblical Literature (CBA, 2002) - reviewed by Avigdor Horovitz, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Nigosian, S.A., From Ancient Writings to Sacred Texts: The Old Testament and Apocrypha (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004)
- Ollenburger, Ben C., ed., Old Testament Theology: Flowering and Future (Eisenbrauns, 2004) - reviewed by Alice Ogden Bellis, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Organ, Barbara E., Is the Bible Fact or Fiction? An Introduction to Biblical Historiography (Paulist, 2004) - reviewed by K. L. Noll, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Ortlund, Raymond C., Jr., Whoredom: God's Unfaithful Wife in Biblical Theology (Eerdmans, 1996) - reviewed by W. Brian Aucker, Trinity Journal (Spring 1998)
- Perdue, Leo G., The Blackwell Companion to the Hebrew Bible (Blackwell, 2001) - reviewed by T. Raymond Hobbs, Biblical Theology Bulletin (Summer 2002)
- Person, Raymond F., The Deuteronomic School: History, Social Setting, and Literature (SBL, 2002)
- Petersen, John, Reading Women's Stories: Female Characters in the Hebrew Bible (Fortress, 2003) - reviewed by Ralph W. Klein, Currents in Theology and Mission (June 2005)
- Pleins, J. David, The Social Visions of the Hebrew Bible: A Theological Introduction (Westminster John Knox, 2001) - reviewed by Carol J. Dempsey, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Reeves, John C., ed., The Bible and Qur’an: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality (SBL/Brill, 2003) - reviewed by John Kaltner, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Römer, Thomas, Jean-Daniel Macchi, and Christophe Nihan, eds., Introduction a l'Ancien Testament (Labor et Fides, 2004) - reviewed by André Lemaire, Review of Biblical Literature (2005)
- Runions, Erin, How Hysterical: Identification and Resistance in the Bible and Film (Palgrave, 2003) - reviewed by Allen H. Redmon, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Ryken, Leland, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds., Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (IVP, 1998) -reviewed by Bill T. Arnold, Review of Biblical Literature (2000)
- Sakenfeld, Katharine Doob, Just Wives? Stories of Power & Survival in the Old Testament & Today (Westminster John Knox, 2003)
- Sharon, Diane M., Patterns of Destiny: Narrative Structures of Foundation and Doom in the Hebrew Bible (Eisenbrauns, 2002) - reviewed by James M. Kennedy, Review of Biblical Literature (2002) and Mark McEntire, Review of Biblical Literature (2002)
- Sharpe, John L. and Kimberly Van Kampen, eds., The Bible as Book: The Manuscript Tradition - reviewed by Claude Cox, TC 5 (2000)
- Stanton, Graham and David F. Ford, eds., Reading Texts, Seeking Wisdom: Scripture and Theology (Eerdmans, 2004) - reviewed by Christopher McMahon, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
- Stein, David Sulomm, ed., The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh: The Traditional Hebrew Text and the New JPS Translation (2nd Ed.) - reviewed by Marvin A. Sweeney, Review of Biblical Literature (2001)
- Stein, David Sulomm, ed., The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh: The Traditional Hebrew Text and the New JPS Translation (2nd Ed.) - reviewed by Scott Noegel, Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 3 (2000–2001)
- Sun, Henry T.C., Keith L. Eades, eds. with James M. Robinson, and Garth I. Moller. Problems in Biblical Theology: Essays in Honor of Rolf Knierim (Eerdmans, 1997) - reviewed by Gary N. Knoppers, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh: Electronic Edition (Varda, 2003) - reviewed by Ehud Ben Zvi, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Ulrich, Eugene, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible -
- Walsh, Jerome T., Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative (Liturgical, 2001) - reviewed by Stuart Lasine, Review of Biblical Literature (2003)
- Wegner, Paul D., The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible (Baker, 1999) - reviewed by Steven L. Jacobs, Review of Biblical Literature (2000)
- Yoder, Christine Roy, Kathleen M. O'Connor, E. Elizabeth Johnson and Stanley Saunders, eds., Shaking Heaven and Earth: Essays in Honor of Walter Brueggemann and Charles B. Cousar (Westminster John Knox, 2005) - reviewed by Robin Gallaher Branch, Review of Biblical Literature (2006)
- Zimmerli, Walter, The Fiery Throne: The Prophets and Old Testament Theology (Fortress, 2003) - reviewed by Mark McEntire, Review of Biblical Literature (2004)
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